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May 4
Factors that have an effect on divorce rates.
Social factors:
Societal factors, there are some elements that effect the divorce rate
Structure of the family, tsocial integration, how tight a community Is effects the divorce rate.
As a society, we have become more mobile, and as a results more divorce.
As we are less socially integrated, we the divorce rate increases
Changing nature of cultural values, trending to a more me generation, focusing more on self, and as we put more emphasis on individual needs over family needs
Increased institutional support for woman, for a long time woman stayed in unhappy marriages, but now that they are more supported by society, work, other economic factors, it has had an effect on the divorce rate
There are also demographic factors
Things like employment status, people who are employed low status occupations are more likely to get divorced.
Low income high divorce rate, high income low rate
High income stability leads to more divorce, based on pressure.
Education levels more educated, less divorce.
Social class status is made up of these three catagorues
Higher social class status
Mexicans are lower then whites, but hispanics and blacks are highher
Protestants have a higher then catholic who are higher then Jews..
More religious, less divorce
Life course factors...
There is an intergenerational transmission of divorce. People who come from divorce have a slightly higher probability of themselves getting divorced, because they see what the alternative is if hey are unhappy.
Age at the time of first marriage... Teenagers who marry have a higher divorce rate then older
Premarital pregnancies, lead to increased divorce rate.
People who cohabit have a higher divorce rate...
Perhaps the people who cohabit are avant garde, non traditional people, probably the most important reason, but the studies aren't clear.
People who get divorced and remarried have a higher divorce rate then frost marriages.
Slightly higher.
Routinization of married life
Most people expect something other then routine, day in and day out, same day... People get disillusioned, and they aren't prepared for that and some proportion of them divorce. Life isn't about thrill seeking...
Family process factors...
Marriage is happy isn't likely to end in divorce
Children.... If you had children, but children seem to have a complicated relation to divorce rate. It's less predictive then it use to be
Marital problems, different role expectations or values
Pressures of adult life, highest degree of satisfaction before children and when children leave, this doesn't seem to be related to the children as much as career
Restrictive roles of marriages, many people didn't like them, but today, there are much more flexible conceptions of marital roles
Finally...
Individual factors.
People who have liberal attitudes have a higher divorce rate
Peoples who's parents disapprove of the marriage have a higher divorce rate, either by interference or better perceptiins in the first place
People who are depressed, suffer from depression have a higher divorce rate.
If there is short spacing between pregnancies, those families are more likely to get divorced, trying to deal with more then one infant at a time, but it's time consuming emotional consuming and difficult, stress too...
Different factors ranging from societal to individual that have an effect on the divorce rate.
Consequences of divorce...
Children...
These are general trends...
Varies by the sex and age of a child
Boys typically have a more immediate negative reaction to divorce then girls, particularly boys between the ages of 2 and 10 older boys do better.
Both boys and girls
More long lasting effects, espicaly bitter divorces.
Difficulty in establishing relationships with the people of the opposite sex
Most occur after there has been lots of conflict, they form relationships but they seem to have more difficulty
For adults there is also an effect,
Emotional lability, mood swings, not on a steady emotional course, low lows and high highs. They have difficulty eating and sleeping, did they do the right thing, they question themselves, self esteem, difficulty concentrating, taking care of themselves, neglect themselves. Change in the nature of their social relationships. Their friends will try to spend more time with them, and the person feel like failures and then the fifth wheel, and possibly a threat to their marriage. Sometimes the loss of an ongoing sexual relationship causes trouble. The status transformation, seeing themselves as a single person, not a husband or wife, that change in conception is difficult.
For many there are financial problems, especially true for woman until the 1990s
Only half of all court ordered alimony was ever paid and only half of that was paid in full.
Feminization of poverty was he name given to the fact that woman weren't getting there alimony,
Myths about divorce:
Notional marriage study
Top ten myths
Half end in divorce
Second marriages are not more successful
Cohabitation
Children recover quickly
Having a child will prevent a divorce and improve satisfaction.
Following divorce womans standard of living plumets and the mans improves,
Children are better off with parents in unhappy marriages. (unclear)
More cautious .. Children have as much success in marriage
Children are better off in step families then in single parent (not true)
Being unhappy leads to divorce
Usually men initiate divorce proceedings
End myths.
Child custody...
Joint custody
Sole custody
Split custody
Custody laws, until the sixties, the practice that governed was that the custody belonged to the mother. The tender years doctrine
The tender years doctrine said that the mother should have custody and governed court proceedings. Until 1960 95percent went to the mother.
That was challenged by lee Salk who challenged this. He said he was at least if not more qualified, and he won the case and was awarded custody. Since then the tender years doctrine isn't used, now it's the best interests of the child. What is best for the child
They are not to presume that the mother is the best parent. They often get reports form a social worker. The noncostodial parent has no rights
Joint says both have rights that they share, both have equal rights in decisions.
Split, when parents don't live close, each has custody for a period of time.
Remarried...
Given the divorce rate, which has leveled off and slowly reducing now, almost half will end in divorce. So thee aree people are eligible for remarriage.
About 3/4 of men and 2/3 of woman remarry
That tells you something, what it tells you is that people like the institution of marriage, just not the marriage that they were in.
Of the people who remarry, most do it within three years of the divorce
Younger people have a higher rate.
Men morer frequently and faster then woman
Men in in higher social classes marry more frequently, woman in the working classes marry more frequently then men
People without children are more likely to remarry
People who are working are more likely
Regionally, people in the south are les likely and in the northeast are more likely
Problems with remarrying
Creating a new family,
Blended or reconstituted family, step family or binuclear family
All sorts of problems
Non custodial parent. They are still a parent, kids also have to adjust to a step parent, the nonresident parent who isn't there
Step siblings, who gets what attention from whom etc.
All these relationships create problems in the families, they can have a difficult time, we don't have the social norms to help guide people, what is the relationships and obligations of all of the people, ethical, moral, and social.
Remarriage is a incomplete institution, we are not really clear of all the roles of remarriage.
Myths
Things will work out
Be an individual first, couple second
Avoid the mistakes they made in the first marriage (people don't know and can't help it)
Marriage makes people happier
But, people who are married are happier and less mental illness
Challenges of remarriages
Complex kin relationships
Step parents, etc
Ambiguous roles and norms
Adjusting to the children of ones spouse
Adjustment of step siblings to each other
Generally tangled finances
Legal issues like custody...
Can be difficult
Some of the sources of difficult,
Favoritism, divided loyalties, disciplining
Many people Over come these
Boys you see trouble in peer relations and school work
Factors that have an effect on divorce rates.
Social factors:
Societal factors, there are some elements that effect the divorce rate
Structure of the family, tsocial integration, how tight a community Is effects the divorce rate.
As a society, we have become more mobile, and as a results more divorce.
As we are less socially integrated, we the divorce rate increases
Changing nature of cultural values, trending to a more me generation, focusing more on self, and as we put more emphasis on individual needs over family needs
Increased institutional support for woman, for a long time woman stayed in unhappy marriages, but now that they are more supported by society, work, other economic factors, it has had an effect on the divorce rate
There are also demographic factors
Things like employment status, people who are employed low status occupations are more likely to get divorced.
Low income high divorce rate, high income low rate
High income stability leads to more divorce, based on pressure.
Education levels more educated, less divorce.
Social class status is made up of these three catagorues
Higher social class status
Mexicans are lower then whites, but hispanics and blacks are highher
Protestants have a higher then catholic who are higher then Jews..
More religious, less divorce
Life course factors...
There is an intergenerational transmission of divorce. People who come from divorce have a slightly higher probability of themselves getting divorced, because they see what the alternative is if hey are unhappy.
Age at the time of first marriage... Teenagers who marry have a higher divorce rate then older
Premarital pregnancies, lead to increased divorce rate.
People who cohabit have a higher divorce rate...
Perhaps the people who cohabit are avant garde, non traditional people, probably the most important reason, but the studies aren't clear.
People who get divorced and remarried have a higher divorce rate then frost marriages.
Slightly higher.
Routinization of married life
Most people expect something other then routine, day in and day out, same day... People get disillusioned, and they aren't prepared for that and some proportion of them divorce. Life isn't about thrill seeking...
Family process factors...
Marriage is happy isn't likely to end in divorce
Children.... If you had children, but children seem to have a complicated relation to divorce rate. It's less predictive then it use to be
Marital problems, different role expectations or values
Pressures of adult life, highest degree of satisfaction before children and when children leave, this doesn't seem to be related to the children as much as career
Restrictive roles of marriages, many people didn't like them, but today, there are much more flexible conceptions of marital roles
Finally...
Individual factors.
People who have liberal attitudes have a higher divorce rate
Peoples who's parents disapprove of the marriage have a higher divorce rate, either by interference or better perceptiins in the first place
People who are depressed, suffer from depression have a higher divorce rate.
If there is short spacing between pregnancies, those families are more likely to get divorced, trying to deal with more then one infant at a time, but it's time consuming emotional consuming and difficult, stress too...
Different factors ranging from societal to individual that have an effect on the divorce rate.
Consequences of divorce...
Children...
These are general trends...
Varies by the sex and age of a child
Boys typically have a more immediate negative reaction to divorce then girls, particularly boys between the ages of 2 and 10 older boys do better.
Both boys and girls
More long lasting effects, espicaly bitter divorces.
Difficulty in establishing relationships with the people of the opposite sex
Most occur after there has been lots of conflict, they form relationships but they seem to have more difficulty
For adults there is also an effect,
Emotional lability, mood swings, not on a steady emotional course, low lows and high highs. They have difficulty eating and sleeping, did they do the right thing, they question themselves, self esteem, difficulty concentrating, taking care of themselves, neglect themselves. Change in the nature of their social relationships. Their friends will try to spend more time with them, and the person feel like failures and then the fifth wheel, and possibly a threat to their marriage. Sometimes the loss of an ongoing sexual relationship causes trouble. The status transformation, seeing themselves as a single person, not a husband or wife, that change in conception is difficult.
For many there are financial problems, especially true for woman until the 1990s
Only half of all court ordered alimony was ever paid and only half of that was paid in full.
Feminization of poverty was he name given to the fact that woman weren't getting there alimony,
Myths about divorce:
Notional marriage study
Top ten myths
Half end in divorce
Second marriages are not more successful
Cohabitation
Children recover quickly
Having a child will prevent a divorce and improve satisfaction.
Following divorce womans standard of living plumets and the mans improves,
Children are better off with parents in unhappy marriages. (unclear)
More cautious .. Children have as much success in marriage
Children are better off in step families then in single parent (not true)
Being unhappy leads to divorce
Usually men initiate divorce proceedings
End myths.
Child custody...
Joint custody
Sole custody
Split custody
Custody laws, until the sixties, the practice that governed was that the custody belonged to the mother. The tender years doctrine
The tender years doctrine said that the mother should have custody and governed court proceedings. Until 1960 95percent went to the mother.
That was challenged by lee Salk who challenged this. He said he was at least if not more qualified, and he won the case and was awarded custody. Since then the tender years doctrine isn't used, now it's the best interests of the child. What is best for the child
They are not to presume that the mother is the best parent. They often get reports form a social worker. The noncostodial parent has no rights
Joint says both have rights that they share, both have equal rights in decisions.
Split, when parents don't live close, each has custody for a period of time.
Remarried...
Given the divorce rate, which has leveled off and slowly reducing now, almost half will end in divorce. So thee aree people are eligible for remarriage.
About 3/4 of men and 2/3 of woman remarry
That tells you something, what it tells you is that people like the institution of marriage, just not the marriage that they were in.
Of the people who remarry, most do it within three years of the divorce
Younger people have a higher rate.
Men morer frequently and faster then woman
Men in in higher social classes marry more frequently, woman in the working classes marry more frequently then men
People without children are more likely to remarry
People who are working are more likely
Regionally, people in the south are les likely and in the northeast are more likely
Problems with remarrying
Creating a new family,
Blended or reconstituted family, step family or binuclear family
All sorts of problems
Non custodial parent. They are still a parent, kids also have to adjust to a step parent, the nonresident parent who isn't there
Step siblings, who gets what attention from whom etc.
All these relationships create problems in the families, they can have a difficult time, we don't have the social norms to help guide people, what is the relationships and obligations of all of the people, ethical, moral, and social.
Remarriage is a incomplete institution, we are not really clear of all the roles of remarriage.
Myths
Things will work out
Be an individual first, couple second
Avoid the mistakes they made in the first marriage (people don't know and can't help it)
Marriage makes people happier
But, people who are married are happier and less mental illness
Challenges of remarriages
Complex kin relationships
Step parents, etc
Ambiguous roles and norms
Adjusting to the children of ones spouse
Adjustment of step siblings to each other
Generally tangled finances
Legal issues like custody...
Can be difficult
Some of the sources of difficult,
Favoritism, divided loyalties, disciplining
Many people Over come these
Boys you see trouble in peer relations and school work
